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Events and reaction mechanisms during the synthesis of an Al

M. ABDELLAHI, M. ZAKERI, H. BAHMANPOUR

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2013, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages 123-129 doi: 10.1007/s11705-013-1325-6

Abstract: The composite started to form at milling times of 9–10 h but the reaction was not complete.

Keywords： ball milling nanocomposite Al₂O₃ TiB₂

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Effects of support acidity on the reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction of NO by CH

Shicheng XU, Junhua LI, Dong YANG, Jiming HAO

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2009, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 186-193 doi: 10.1007/s11783-009-0016-5

Abstract: The reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) by methane (CH )over solid superacid-based catalysts were proposed and testified by DRIFTS studies on transient reactionCatalysts derived from different supports would lead to different reaction pathways, and the acidityof solid superacid played an important role in determining the reaction mechanisms and the catalyticThe reaction involving NO moiety was likely to be determined by the step of reduction of NO.

Keywords： selective catalytic reduction (SCR) nitric oxide (NO) methane support acidity Br?nsted acid sites NO_y species

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Ozonation of the 5-fluorouracil anticancer drug and its prodrug capecitabine: Reaction kinetics, oxidationmechanisms, and residual toxicity

Siyu Chen, Lee Blaney, Ping Chen, Shanshan Deng, Mamatha Hopanna, Yixiang Bao, Gang Yu

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2019, Volume 13, Issue 4, doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1143-2

Abstract:

Reaction sites were confirmed by kinetics, Fukui

The olefin moiety was the main ozone reaction

Keywords： Ozone 5-fluorouracil Capecitabine Hydroxyl radicals Chemotherapy agents Toxicity

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Redox reactions of iron and manganese oxides in complex systems

Jianzhi Huang, Huichun Zhang

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2020, Volume 14, Issue 5, doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1255-8

Abstract: • Mechanisms of redox reactions of Fe- and Mn-oxides were discussed. • Oxidative reactions of Mn- andFe-oxides in complex systems were reviewed. • Reductive reaction of Fe(II)/iron oxides in complex systemsanalytical challenges associated with complex environments, there has been a limited understanding of the reactionkinetics and mechanisms in actual environmental systems, and most of the studies so far have only focusedis necessary to increase the complexity of model systems and examine both the involved interaction mechanisms

Keywords： Iron oxides manganese oxides reduction oxidation complex systems reaction kinetics and mechanisms

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Product identification and toxicity change during oxidation of methotrexate by ferrate and permanganate in water

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 7, doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1501-8

Abstract:

• Oxidation of methotrexate by high-valent metal-oxo species was first explored.

Keywords： Anticancer drugs High-valent metal-oxo species Oxidation kinetics Reaction mechanisms Multi-endpoint

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Catalytic activity of noble metal nanoparticles toward hydrodechlorination: influence of catalyst electronic structure and nature of adsorption

Man ZHANG,Feng HE,Dongye ZHAO

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2015, Volume 9, Issue 5, Pages 888-896 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0774-1

Abstract: and 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane (1,1,1,2-TeCA)) to determine the rate-limiting steps and to explore the reactionmechanisms.The surface area normalized reaction rate constant, , showed a systematic dependence on the electronicmetals rather than with the first C-Cl bond strength, suggesting that molecular adsorption governs the reaction

Keywords： catalytic hydrodechlorination electronic structure metal nanoparticles reaction mechanisms

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FOOD SYSTEMS TRANSFORMATION: CONCEPTS, MECHANISMS AND PRACTICES

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2023, Volume 10, Issue 1, Pages 1-3 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023491

Abstract: FOOD SYSTEMS TRANSFORMATION: CONCEPTS, MECHANISMS AND PRACTICES

Keywords： TRANSFORMATION SYSTEMS FOOD CONCEPTS MECHANISMS

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Gripping mechanisms in current wood harvesting machines

D. GOUBET, J. C. FAUROUX, G. GOGU

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2013, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages 42-61 doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0358-3

Abstract:

This paper focuses on the structural synthesis of gripping mechanisms used in the mechanization ofThis function is performed with several typical mechanisms which are listed and described in this articleThis study distinguishes two kinds of planar gripping mechanisms mainly used in opening and closing theTwo planar and one spatial existing mechanisms are described.Nine kinematic diagrams of spatial parallel mechanisms are provided.

Keywords： structural synthesis parallel mechanisms gripping mechanisms wood harvesting harvesting head

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Recent development on innovation design of reconfigurable mechanisms in China

Wuxiang ZHANG, Shengnan LU, Xilun DING

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2019, Volume 14, Issue 1, Pages 15-20 doi: 10.1007/s11465-018-0517-7

Abstract: Reconfigurable mechanisms can deliberately reconfigure themselves by rearranging the connectivity ofMetamorphic and origami-derived mechanisms are two kinds of typical reconfigurable mechanisms, whichhave attracted increasing attention in the field of mechanisms since they were proposed.This paper presents an overview of recent developments in innovation design of reconfigurable mechanismsin China, including metamorphic and origami mechanisms and their typical applications.

Keywords： innovation design reconfigurable mechanisms metamorphic mechanisms origami-derived mechanisms development

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CROP DIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: MECHANISMS, DESIGNS AND APPLICATIONS

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2021, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 359-361 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE -2021417

Abstract:

Intensive monoculture agriculture has contributed greatly to global food supply over many decades, but the excessive use of agricultural chemicals (fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides) and intensive cultivation systems has resulted in negative side effects, such as soil erosion, soil degradation, and non-point source pollution^{^[1]}. To many observers, agriculture looms as a major global threat to nature conservation and biodiversity. As noted in the Global Biodiversity Outlook 4^{^[2]}, the drivers associated with food systems and agriculture account for around 70% and 50% of the projected losses by 2050 of terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity, respectively^{^[3]}.

In addition, agricultural development and modernization of agriculture has led to a decline in the total number of plant species upon which humans depend for food^{^[4]}. Currently, fewer than 200 of some 6000 plant species grown for food contribute substantially to global food output, and only nine species account for 67% of total crop production^{^[3]}. The global crop diversity has declined in past decades.

Crop species diversity at a national scale was identified as one of the most important factors that stabilize grain production at a national level^{^[5]}. A group of long-term field experiments demonstrated that crop diversity also stabilizes temporal grain productivity at field level^{^[6]}. Therefore, maintaining crop diversity at both national and field levels is of considerable importance for food security at national and global scales.

Crop diversity includes temporal (crop rotation) and spatial diversity (e.g., intercropping, agroforestry, cultivar mixtures and cover crops) at field scale. Compared to intensive monocultures, diversified cropping systems provide additional options to support multiple ecosystem functions. For instance, crop diversity may increase above- and belowground biodiversity, improve yield stability, reduce pest and disease damage, reduce uses of chemicals, increase the efficiency of the use land, light water and nutrient resources, and enhance stress resilience in agricultural systems.

To highlight advances in research and use of crop diversity, from developing and developed countries, we have prepared this special issue on “Crop Diversity and Sustainable Agriculture” for Frontiers of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, mainly focusing on intercropping.

Intercropping, growing at least two crops at the same time as a mixture, for example, in alternate rows or strips, is one effective pathway for increasing crop diversity at the field scale. Over recent decades, there have been substantial advances in terms of understanding of processes between intercropped species and applications in practice. There are 10 articles in this special issue including letters, opinions, review and research articles with contributions from Belgium, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerlands, UK, and Mexico etc.

The contributors are internationally-active scientists and agronomists contributing to intercropping research and extension. For example, Antoine Messean is coordinator of the EU H2020 Research project DiverIMPACTS “Diversification through rotation, intercropping, multiple cropping, promoted with actors and value chains towards sustainability”. Eric Justes is coordinator of the EU H2020 Research project ReMIX “Redesigning European cropping systems based on species mixtures”. Maria Finckh has worked on crop cultivar mixture and organic agriculture over many years. Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen has outstanding expertise in intercropping research and applications, moving from detailed studies on species interactions in intercropping to working with farmers and other stakeholders to make intercropping work in practical farming. In addition to these established scientists, young scientists who have taken an interest in intercropping also contribute to the special issue, including Wen-Feng Cong, Yixiang Liu, Qi Wang, Hao Yang and others.

The first contribution to this special issue addresses how to design cropping systems to reach crop diversification, with Wen-Feng Cong and coworkers ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021392) considering that it is necessary to optimize existing and/or design novel cropping systems based on farming practices and ecological principles, and to strengthen targeted ecosystem services to achieve identified objectives. In addition, the design should consider regional characteristics with the concurrent objectives of safe, nutritious food production and environmental protection.

The benefits of crop diversification have been demonstrated in many studies. Wen-Feng Cong and coworkers describe the benefits of crop diversification at three scales: field, farm, and landscape. Hao Yang and coauthors reviewed the multiple functions of intercropping. Intercropping enhances crop productivity and its stability, it promotes efficient use of resources and saves mineral fertilizer, controls pests and diseases of crops and reduces the use of pesticides. It mitigates climate change by sequestering carbon in soil, reduces non-point source pollution, and increases above- and belowground biodiversity of other taxa at field scale ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021398).

Eric Justes and coworkers proposed the “4C” framework to help understand the role of species interactions in intercropping ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021414). The four components are competition, complementary, cooperation (facilitation) and compensation, which work often simultaneously in intercropping. Hao Yang and coworkers used the concept of diversity effect from ecology to understand the contribution of complementarity and selection effects to enhanced productivity in intercropping. The complementarity effect consists of interspecific facilitation and niche differentiation between crop species, whereas the selection effect is mainly derived from competitive processes between species such that one species dominates the other ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021398). Also, Luis Garcia-Barrios and Yanus A. Dechnik-Vazquez dissected the ecological concept of the complementarity and selection effects to develop a relative multicrop resistance index to analyze the relation between higher multicrop yield and land use efficiency and the different ecological causes of overyielding under two contrasting water stress regimes ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021412).

Odette Denise Weedon and Maria Renate Finckh found that composite cross populations, with different disease susceptibilities of three winter wheat cultivars, were moderately resistant to brown rust and even to the newly emerged stripe rust races prevalent in Europe since 2011, but performance varied between standard and organic management contexts ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021394).

Comparing the performance of intercrops and sole crops is critical to make a sound evaluation of the benefits of intercropping and assess interactions between species choice, intercrop design, intercrop management and factors related to the production situation and pedoclimatic context. Wopke van der Werf and coworkers review some of the metrics that could be used in the quantitative synthesis of literature data on intercropping ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021413).

Interspecific interactions provide some of the advantages of intercropping, and can be divided into above- and belowground interactions. Aboveground interactions can include light and space competition, which is influenced by crop species traits. Root exudates are also important in interspecific interactions between intercropped or rotated species. Qi Wang and coworkers estimated the light interception of growth stage of maize-peanut intercropping and corresponding monocultures, and found that intercropping has higher light interception than monoculture, and increasing plant density did not further increase light interception of intercropping ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021403). Yuxin Yang and coworkers reported that the root exudates of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) can reduce infection of tobacco by Phytophthora nicotianae via inhibiting the motility and germination of the spores of the pathogen ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021399).

Focusing on the application of intercropping, Wen-Feng Cong and coworkers formulated species recommendations for different regions of China for different crop diversity patterns and crop species combinations. These authors also suggested three steps for implementing crop diversification on the North China Plain. Although there are multiple benefits of crop diversification, its extension and application are hindered by various technical, organizational, and institutional barriers along value chains, especially in Europe. Based on the findings of the European Crop Diversification Cluster projects, Antoine Messéan and coworkers suggested that there needs to be more coordination and cooperation between agrifood system stakeholders, and establish multiactor networks, toward an agroecological transition of European agriculture ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021406). In addition, Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen and coworkers report the outcomes of a workshop for participatory research to overcome the barriers to enhanced coordination and networking between stakeholders ( https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021416).

Intercropping, though highly effective in labor-intensive agriculture, may be difficult to implement in machine-intensive, large-scale modern agriculture because appropriate large equipment is not commercially available for planting and harvesting various crop mixtures grown with strip intercropping^{^[6]}. Thus, the appropriate machinery will need to be developed for further practical application in large-scale agriculture.

As the guest editors, we thank all the authors and reviewers for their great contributions to this special issue on “Crop Diversity and Sustainable Agriculture”. We also thank the FASE editorial team for their kind supports.

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Mass transport mechanisms within pervaporation membranes

Yimeng Song, Fusheng Pan, Ying Li, Kaidong Quan, Zhongyi Jiang

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2019, Volume 13, Issue 3, Pages 458-474 doi: 10.1007/s11705-018-1780-1

Abstract: Fundamental understanding of the mass transport mechanisms is crucial for the rational design of membraneinteractions between permeate molecules and membranes, this review focuses on two categories of mass transport mechanismsFurthermore, the optimal integration and evolution of different mass transport mechanisms are brieflyMaterial selection and relevant applications are highlighted under the guidance of mass transport mechanisms

Keywords： pervaporation membrane mass transport mechanisms physical mechanism chemical mechanism

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Special issue: Mechanisms and robotics

Jingjun YU

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2016, Volume 11, Issue 2, Pages 117-118 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0399-5

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Thermodynamic analysis of reaction pathways and equilibrium yields for catalytic pyrolysis of naphtha

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 12, Pages 1700-1712 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2207-6

Abstract: Herein, for a better catalyst design and operation parameters optimization, the reaction pathways andThe results revealed that the thermodynamically favorable reaction pathways for n/iso-paraffinsThe results are thus useful as a direction for future catalyst improvements, facilitating superior reaction

Keywords： naphtha catalytic pyrolysis reaction pathway equilibrium yield

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Effects and mechanisms of acupuncture on women related health

Frontiers of Medicine doi: 10.1007/s11684-023-1051-5

Abstract: acupuncture in maintaining women’s health by considering both its effectiveness and the underlying mechanisms

Keywords： acupuncture women health clinical efficacy mechanism

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Molecular mechanisms of fatty liver in obesity

Lixia Gan,Wei Xiang,Bin Xie,Liqing Yu

Frontiers of Medicine 2015, Volume 9, Issue 3, Pages 275-287 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0410-2

Abstract: In this work, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms responsible for enhanced adipose lipolysis and increasedDelineation of these mechanisms holds promise for developing novel avenues against NAFLD.

Keywords： nonalcoholic fatty liver disease insulin resistance obesity